• Friday, November 20, 2009 Latest Update: 4:41PM
Eric Carlson | November 2, 2009 at 5:30 PM 4 Comments

Having Our Coke and Drinking It Too; Carbon Capture and Sequestration

Virtually everyone reading this knows that coal is environmentally bad. It’s the dirtiest of the fossil fuels in terms of carbon emissions and historically the primary cause of acid rain, not to mention negative land and water impacts where it’s mined. But coal is also plentiful, domestically produced, and as a result, cheap. We rely on it to generate more than half of the electric power in the U.S., including the energy operating the computer on which I’m writing this blog. However, the sad but increasingly unavoidable fact is that as a power source, coal is probably here to stay for some time.

Coal will remain with us because there is simply too much global demand for electrical power to fill the gap with renewable sources such as wind, solar, hydro, and nuclear options, even assuming massive scale ups in all of these technologies. Not only the US, but China and India and other countries also rely on coal for power, with the expectation of even more use of it. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), globally, coal fired plants now under construction or planned during the next 20 year will, during their operational lifetimes, emit more atmospheric carbon than all the coal combusted to date.

Intriguing as coal free – alternative energy scenarios, like Ed Mazria’s solar and conservation based, 2030 Challenge are, we simply have to find a way to burn coal more cleanly to make a dent in global warming. Such clean coal processes generally fall under the rubric of Carbon Capture and Sequestration, or CSS.

In one form or another, this is a multi step process requiring: a) removal of CO2 before – or – after coal combustion, b) compression of it into a liquid, c) piping it to a safe place, where d) it can be injected/sequestered permanently, generally underground. This storage place might be an oil field, a deep saline aquifer, or in some scenarios, in the ocean depths.

CSS is not a simple process, but neither are the alternatives. Society ran out of simple, cheap energy solutions some time ago. Rather, we exploited seemingly cheap energy solutions without regard to their actual environmental costs. Respected environmental organizations such as the NRDC support the role of CCS in mitigating the worst impacts of climate change. Stanford’s Global Climate and Energy Project among other educational institutions, is actively developing CCS technologies.

In the past, there have been arguments that CCS is some sort of smoke and mirrors scheme invented by the power industry to maintain business as usual. While there may be truth to such wishful thinking by some in the power industry hoping for a silver bullet, others are moving ahead with sizeable CCS utility pilot projects; among them Southern Company.

One thing that CCS won’t be is cheap. In all likelihood it will drive up the cost of coal fired power considerably. The good news is that this makes other renewable sources such and solar and wind technologies more price competitive. But if past experience with scrubbers on power plants is any indicator, costs should come down as R & D drives innovation and scale up creates efficiencies. However, any way you look at it, renewable, fossil, or nuclear, power is going to cost a lot more more in the future, making energy efficiency and conservation all the more important.

A final note on terminology. Excuse the somewhat inaccurate reference to “coke” in the title above. The coal coking process and coal combustion to produce power are not the same, but I couldn’t resist the pun.


Eric Carlson is a greentech analyst, consultant and architect, based in Washington, D.C. and Seattle.

Comments [4]

  • Bob Wallace 11/2/09 6:45 PM

    “Coal will remain with us because there is simply too much global demand for electrical power to fill the gap with renewable sources such as wind, solar, hydro, and nuclear options, even assuming massive scale ups in all of these technologies.”

    Please get a copy of Scientific American, November 2009 and read the cover story.

    In that article you will see a blueprint of how we could power 100% of the world with 100% non-fossil fuels by 2030.  And do so by using existing technologies.

    Coal needs to go.  We don’t know how to efficiently capture the CO2 output from burning coal.  And if we manage to capture it, we don’t know how to safely store it.  We cannot afford to risk our futures waiting for someone to figure out a solution for coal.

    We need to start by conserving.  Recall the North Carolina study that found that by giving people smart meters and some help controlling their electricity usage there was an average 20% decrease in consumption?  We’re getting less than 50% of our electricity from coal now.  Just think how many coal plants we could close were we to have a nationwide 20% drop in electricity consumption.

    And then we need to take the technologies that we have in hand and greatly increase our rates of installation.  We’re on the way to nine gigs of new wind this year.  We need to double that annual rate by 2011 and keep increasing the rate into the future.

    Reply
  • rooferguy 11/2/09 8:40 PM

    Clean coal is an oxymoron and a violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.  The people who said that CCS is some kind of smoke and mirrors scheme are right.  They were the ones who paid attention in their engineering courses.  Everyone else is on the payroll of the coal companies or just don’t understand thermodynamics.

    When we combust coal (by burning it) we break the molecules apart into CO2 (the green house gas) and H2O (water). We also create lots of heat. If you want to sequester the CO2 again it will take a lot of energy, as well as expensive equipment to do so.

    The Second Law of Thermodynamics basically states that it is impossible to generate net energy from a system that you are trying to put back to its original state (perpetual motion machines are also a violation). So in principal it is thermodynamically impossible to get net energy out of burning coal if you also need to put the CO2 back into a permanently sequestered state.

    Of course you could still pump the CO2 into the ground and hope it doesn’t leak out — but just the pumping equipment and energy to do so will also be quite expensive. And no one is every going to want to live near those underground CO2 reservoirs (In 1986, a tremendous CO2 “burp” from the lake Nyos, West of Cameroon, killed more than 1700 people and livestock up to 25 km away).

    Reply
  • JoeJoe 11/2/09 10:18 PM

    Bob… Several analysts have found that Smart Meters tend to favor coal. The basic idea is: AMI—> Demad Response—> Flatter load profile—-> More baseload—> More coal.

    Thermodynamics Germsgrowonhammicks… Why not tube the gas to space? Better yet Superman IV the CO2? Imagine the ghoul who would emerge after Luther’s secretly planted DNA sprung to life. Bam… That would be awesome.

    Reply
  • StevePluvia 11/3/09 4:23 AM

    Eric, whats’ the basis for your claims re CCS?  Do you have any background in the engineering required for this mythical technology? 

    On your website (E2C2) I didn’t see any experience or education that would suggest you’re even remotely qualified in that field, although I did notice your website lists several other mythical technologies under “projects”, specifically “hybrid solar lighting” (a system that will never be remotely cost effective) and “solar sails” (neither practical or cost effective). 

    It would seem you have a history of supporting projects that require a stable of unicorns to succeed…

    Reply

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